Dividends and Distribution Information
Tax Matters
The following discussion of federal income tax matters is based
on the advice of our counsel, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker
LLP. This section and the discussion in our statement of additional
information summarize the material consequences to U.S. taxpayers
of owning our common stock. Tax laws and interpretations change
frequently, and this summary does not describe all of the tax
consequences to all taxpayers. For example, this summary generally
does not describe your situation if you are a non-U.S. person, a
broker-dealer, or other investor with special circumstances. In
addition, this section generally does not describe your state,
local or foreign tax consequences. As with any investment, you
should consult your own professional tax advisor regarding the tax
consequences of investing in our common stock.
We have elected to be treated as and have qualified each year
for special tax treatment afforded a regulated investment company
("RIC") under Subchapter M of the Code. As long as we meet certain
requirements that govern our source of income, diversification of
assets and distribution of earnings to stockholders, we will not be
subject to U.S. federal income tax on income distributed in a
timely manner to our stockholders. We intend to invest in U.S.
royalty trusts that are expected to derive income and gains from
the production of oil and gas. Unlike Canadian royalty trusts, U.S.
royalty trusts are legally precluded from making acquisitions
financed by new debt and/or equity. U.S. royalty trusts are
generally treated as grantor trusts for U.S. federal income tax
purposes, which means that we will be taxed directly for our share
of the trust income and will be entitled to our share of the
trusts' deductions and tax credits. We will be deemed to directly
own the assets of each U.S. royalty trust, and will need to look at
the underlying items of income in the U.S. royalty trust to
determine whether that income will have an effect on our
qualification as a RIC. We intend to monitor our investments in
U.S. royalty trusts to maintain our continued qualification as a
RIC.
We intend to qualify for the special tax treatment afforded to
RICs under the Code. As long as we qualify, we (but not our
stockholders) will not be subject to federal income tax on the part
of our net ordinary income and net realized capital gains that we
distribute to our stockholders. In order to qualify as a RIC for
federal income tax purposes, we must meet three key tests, which
are described below. Failure to meet any of the tests at the end of
any quarter would disqualify us from RIC tax treatment for the
entire year. However, in certain situations we may be able to take
corrective action within 30 days of the end of a quarter, which
would allow us to remain qualified.
The Income Test.
At least 90% of our annual gross income must be derived from
dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans,
gains from the sale of stock or securities, foreign currencies or
other income (including gains from options, futures or forward
contracts) derived with respect to the business of investing in
stock, securities or currencies. Net income from a ''qualified
publicly traded partnership'' will also be included as qualifying
income for purposes of the 90% gross income test. To the extent we
hold interests in entities that are taxed as grantor trusts for
Federal income tax purposes or are partnerships that are not
treated as ''qualified publicly traded partnerships,'' the income
derived from such investments may not be treated as qualifying
income for purposes of the 90% gross income test.
The Asset Diversification Test.
We must diversify our holdings so that, at the end of each quarter
of each taxable year (i) at least 50% of the value of our total
assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. Government
securities, the securities of other RICs and other securities, with
such other securities limited for purposes of such calculation, in
respect of any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the
value of our total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding
voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the
value of our total assets is invested in the securities of any one
issuer (other than U.S. Government securities or the securities of
other RICs), the securities (other than the securities of other
RICs) of any two or more issuers that we control and that are
determined to be engaged in the same business or similar or related
trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified
publicly traded partnerships.
The Distribution Test.
Our deduction for dividends paid to our stockholders must equal or
exceed the sum of 90% of (i) our investment company taxable income
(which includes, among other items, dividends, interest and the
excess of any net short-term capital gain over net long-term
capital loss and other taxable income, other than any net long-term
capital gain, reduced by deductible expenses) determined without
regard to the deduction for dividends paid and (ii) 90% of our net
tax-exempt interest (the excess of our gross tax-exempt interest
over certain disallowed deductions). For purposes of this
distribution test, we will treat as paid on the last day of the
fiscal year any dividend declared in October, November, December
and paid in January of the following year. Further, we may elect to
treat as paid on the last day of the fiscal year all or part of
certain dividends that we declare after the end of our taxable
year. Such dividends must be declared before the due date for
filing our tax return, including any extensions, and may cause us
to be subject to an excise tax.
If, in any taxable year, we fail to qualify as a RIC, we would
be taxed in the same manner as an ordinary corporation and
distributions from earnings and profits (as determined under U.S.
federal income tax principles) to our common stockholders would not
be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. In such case,
distributions to our common stockholders generally would be
eligible (i) for treatment as qualified dividend income in the case
of individual stockholders, and (ii) for the dividends-received
deduction in the case of corporate stockholders. In addition, we
could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial
taxes and interest and make substantial distributions before
requalifying as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment.
Distributions we pay to you from our investment company taxable
income or from an excess of net short-term capital gain over net
long-term capital losses (together referred to hereinafter as
''ordinary income dividends'') are generally taxable to you as
ordinary income to the extent of our earnings and profits. Such
distributions (if designated by us) may qualify (provided holding
period and other requirements are met) (i) for the dividends
received deduction in the case of corporate stockholders to the
extent that our income consists of dividend income from U.S.
corporations, and (ii) in the case of individual stockholders
(effective for taxable years beginning on or before December 31,
2010), as qualified dividend income eligible to be taxed at a
maximum rate of generally 15% (5% for individuals in lower tax
brackets) to the extent that we receive qualified dividend income.
The Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 clarifies that if our
qualified dividend income is less than 95% of our gross income, a
stockholder may include as qualifying dividend income only that
portion of the dividends that may be and are so designated by us as
qualifying dividend income. Qualified dividend income is, in
general, dividend income from taxable domestic corporations and
certain foreign corporations (e.g., generally, foreign corporations
incorporated in a possession of the United States or in certain
countries with a qualified comprehensive tax treaty with the United
States, or the stock of which is readily tradable on an established
securities market in the United States, provided that the dividend
is paid in respect of such publicly traded stock). Dividend income
from passive foreign investment companies and, in general, dividend
income from REITs are not eligible for the reduced rate for
qualified dividend income and are taxed as ordinary income.
Distributions made to you from an excess of net long-term capital
gain over net short-term capital losses (''capital gain
dividends''), including capital gain dividends credited to you but
retained by us, are taxable to you as long-term capital gain if
they have been properly designated by us, regardless of the length
of time you have owned our shares. The maximum tax rate on capital
gain dividends received by individuals generally is 15% (5% for
individuals in lower brackets) for such gain realized for taxable
years beginning on or before December 31, 2010. Distributions in
excess of our earnings and profits will first reduce the adjusted
tax basis of your shares and, after such adjusted tax basis is
reduced to zero, will constitute capital gain to you (assuming the
shares are held as a capital asset). Generally, not later than 60
days after the close of its taxable year, we will provide you with
a written notice designating the amount of any qualified dividend
income or capital gain dividends and other distributions.
The sale or other disposition of our shares will generally
result in capital gain or loss to you, and will be long-term
capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than one
year at the time of sale. Any loss upon the sale or exchange of our
shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term
capital loss to the extent of any capital gain dividends received
(including amounts credited as an undistributed capital gain
dividend) by you. A loss realized on a sale or exchange of shares
will be disallowed if other substantially identical shares are
acquired (whether through the automatic reinvestment of dividends
or otherwise) within a 61-day period beginning 30 days before and
ending 30 days after the date that the shares are disposed of. In
such case, the basis of the shares acquired will be adjusted to
reflect the disallowed loss. Present law taxes both long-term and
short-term capital gain of corporations at the rates applicable to
ordinary income. For non-corporate taxpayers, under present law,
short-term capital gain will currently be taxed at a maximum rate
of 35% applicable to ordinary income while long-term capital gain
generally will be taxed at a maximum rate of 15%.
Dividends and other taxable distributions are taxable to you
even though they are reinvested in additional shares. If we pay you
a dividend in January that was declared in the previous October,
November or December to common stockholders of record on a
specified date in one of such months, then such dividend will be
treated for tax purposes as being paid by us and received by you on
December 31 of the year in which the dividend was declared.
We are required in certain circumstances to backup withhold on
taxable dividends and certain other payments paid to non-corporate
holders of our shares who do not furnish us with their correct
taxpayer identification number (in the case of individuals, their
social security number) and certain certifications, or who are
otherwise subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not
an additional tax. Any amounts withheld from payments made to you
may be refunded or credited against your U.S. federal income tax
liability, if any, provided that the required information is
furnished to the IRS.
The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (the ''2004 Jobs Act'')
amended certain rules relating to RICs. The 2004 Jobs Act modified
the 90% gross income test with respect to income of a RIC to
include net income derived from interests in ''qualified publicly
traded partnerships'' and modified the asset diversification test
of a RIC to include a new limitation on the investment by a RIC in
such qualified publicly traded partnership interests. Specifically,
not more than 25% of the value of a RIC's assets can be invested in
the securities of any issuer (other than U.S. Government securities
and the securities of other RICs) or of any two or more issuers
that the RIC controls and that are determined to be engaged in the
same business or similar or related trades or businesses or the
securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships.
Generally, a qualified publicly traded partnership includes a
partnership, such as the MLPs in which we intend to invest, the
interests of which are traded on an established securities market
or readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial
equivalent thereof) and which derives income and gains from, inter
alia, the exploration, development, mining or production,
processing, refining, transportation, or the marketing of any
mineral or natural resource.
The 2004 Jobs Act also provided that certain dividends
designated by us as ''interest-related dividends'' that are
received by most of our foreign investors (generally those that
would qualify for the portfolio interest exemptions of Section
871(h) or Section 881(c) of the Code) will be exempt from U.S.
withholding tax. Interest-related dividends are those dividends
derived from certain interest income (including bank deposit
interest and short term original issue discount that is currently
exempt from the withholding tax) we earn that would not be subject
to U.S. tax if earned by a foreign person directly. The 2004 Jobs
Act further provided that certain dividends designated by us as
''short-term capital gain dividends'' that are received by certain
foreign investors (generally those not present in the United States
for 183 days or more) will be exempt from U.S. withholding tax. In
general, short-term capital gain dividends are those that are
derived from our short term capital gains over net long-term
capital losses. These provisions generally apply, with certain
exceptions, to dividends with respect to taxable years of RICs
beginning after December 31, 2004 and before January 1, 2008.
Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors
regarding the specific tax consequences to them.
Investments by us in certain ''passive foreign investment
companies'' (''PFICs'') could subject us to federal income tax
(including interest charges) on certain distributions or
dispositions with respect to those investments which cannot be
eliminated by making distributions to stockholders. Elections may
be available to us to mitigate the effect of this provision
provided that the PFIC complies with certain reporting
requirements, but the elections would generally function to
accelerate the recognition of income without a corresponding
receipt of cash. Dividends paid by PFICs will not qualify for the
reduced tax rates discussed above applicable to qualified dividend
income.
The tax treatment of our investments in U.S. royalty trusts will
differ depending on whether such entities are treated as
corporations, partnerships, or grantor trusts for federal income
tax purposes. In particular, certain U.S. royalty trusts are
treated as grantor trusts for federal income tax purposes and
generally pass through tax items such as income, gain or loss. In
such cases, we would be deemed for tax purposes to directly own the
assets of such royalty trusts. As a result, we will be required to
monitor the individual underlying items of income that we receive
from such grantor trusts to determine how we will characterize such
income for tax purposes, including for purposes of meeting the
income distribution requirements applicable to RICs.
Securities issued by certain Energy Companies (such as U.S.
royalty trusts which are grantor trusts) may not produce
''qualified'' income for purposes of determining our compliance
with the tax diversification rules applicable to RICs. To the
extent that we hold such securities indirectly through investments
in a taxable subsidiary formed by us, those securities may produce
''qualified'' income. However, the net return to us on such
investments would be reduced to the extent that the subsidiary is
subject to corporate income taxes.
Unlike a holder of a direct interest in MLPs, a preferred
stockholder will not include its allocable share of our gross
income, gains, losses, deductions, or credits in computing its own
taxable income. Our distributions are treated as a tax dividend to
the stockholder to the extent of our current or accumulated
earnings and profits. If the distribution exceeds our earnings and
profits, the distribution will be treated as a return of capital to
our common stockholder to the extent of the stockholder's basis in
our common stock, and then as capital gain. Common stockholders
will receive a Form 1099 from us (rather than a Schedule K-1 from
each MLP if the stockholder had invested directly in the MLPs) and
will recognize dividend income only to the extent of our current
and accumulated earnings and profits.
Generally, a corporation's earnings and profits are computed
based upon taxable income, with certain specified adjustments. As
explained above, based upon the historic performance of the MLPs,
we anticipate that the distributed cash from an MLP will exceed our
share of such MLP's income. As a corporation for tax purposes, our
earnings and profits will be calculated using (i) straight-line
depreciation rather than accelerated depreciation, and cost rather
than a percentage depletion method, and (ii) intangible drilling
costs and exploration and development costs are amortized over a
five-year and ten-year period, respectively. Because of the
differences in the manner in which earnings and profits and taxable
income are calculated, we may make distributions out of earnings
and profits, treated as dividends, in years in which we have no
taxable income.
Our distributions that are treated as dividends generally will
be taxable as ordinary income to holders, but (i) are expected to
be treated as "qualified dividend income" that is currently subject
to reduced rates of federal income taxation for noncorporate
stockholders, and (ii) may be eligible for the dividends received
deduction available to corporate stockholders, in each case
provided that certain holding period requirements are met.
Qualified dividend income is currently taxable to noncorporate
stockholders at a maximum federal income tax rate of 15% for
taxable years beginning on or before December 31, 2010. Thereafter,
qualified dividend income will be taxed at ordinary income rates
unless further legislative action is taken.
If a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings
and profits, such distribution will be treated as a non-taxable
adjustment to the basis of the stock to the extent of such basis,
and then as capital gain to the extent of the excess distribution.
Such gain will be long-term capital gain if the holding period for
the stock is more than one year. Individuals are currently subject
to a maximum tax rate of 15% on long-term capital gains. This rate
is currently scheduled to increase to 20% for tax years beginning
after December 31, 2010. Corporations are taxed on capital gains at
their ordinary graduated rates.
Sale of Our Preferred Stock
The sale of our preferred stock by holders will generally be a
taxable transaction for federal income tax purposes. Holders of our
stock who sell such shares will generally recognize gain or loss in
an amount equal to the difference between the net proceeds of the
sale and their adjusted tax basis in the shares sold. If such
shares of stock are held as a capital asset at the time of the
sale, the gain or loss will generally be a capital gain or loss,
generally taxable as described above. A holder's ability to deduct
capital losses may be limited.
Similarly, a redemption by us (including a redemption resulting
from our liquidation), if any, of all our preferred stock actually
and constructively held by a stockholder generally will give rise
to capital gain or loss under Section 302(b) of the Code if the
stockholder does not own (and is not regarded under certain tax law
rules of constructive ownership as owning) any of our common stock,
and provided that the redemption proceeds do not represent declared
but unpaid dividends. Other redemptions may also give rise to
capital gain or loss, but certain conditions imposed by Section
302(b) of the Code must be satisfied to achieve such treatment, and
Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding such
conditions.
Backup Withholding
Backup withholding of U.S. federal income tax at the rate of 28%
may apply to the distributions on our common stock to be made by us
if you fail to timely provide taxpayer identification numbers or if
we are so instructed by the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS. Any
amounts withheld from a payment to a U.S. holder under the backup
withholding rules are allowable as a refund or credit against the
holder's U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that the
required information is furnished to the IRS in a timely
manner.
Other Taxation
Foreign stockholders, including stockholders who are nonresident
alien individuals, may be subject to U.S. withholding tax on
certain distributions at a rate of 30% or such lower rates as may
be prescribed by any applicable treaty. In addition, recently
enacted legislation may impose additional U.S. reporting and
withholding requirements on certain foreign financial institutions
and other foreign entities with respect to distributions on and
proceeds from the sale or disposition of our stock. This
legislation will generally be effective for payments made on or
after January 1, 2013. Foreign stockholders should consult their
tax advisors regarding the possible implications of this
legislation as well as the other U.S. federal, state, local and
foreign tax consequences of an investment in our stock.
Our common stock dividends also may be subject to state and
local taxes. Tax matters are very complicated, and the federal,
state, local and foreign tax consequences of an investment in and
holding of our common stock will depend on the facts of each
investor's situation. Investors are encouraged to consult their own
tax advisors regarding the specific tax consequences that may
affect such investors.
The following is a summary of the principal Canadian federal
income tax considerations generally applicable to us in respect of
our proposed investment in royalty trusts. The summary is of a
general nature only and is based upon the applicable Canadian tax
laws as of the date hereof. There can be no assurance that the tax
laws may not be changed or that Canada Revenue Agency (''CRA'')
will not change its administrative policies and assessing
practices. This summary reflects specific proposals to amend the
Tax Act and the Regulations (the ''Tax Proposals'') publicly
announced by or on behalf of the Canadian Minister of Finance prior
to the date hereof. This summary does not take into account
provincial, territorial or foreign tax legislation or
considerations, which may differ significantly from those discussed
herein. This summary assumes that each royalty trust that we will
invest in will qualify as a ''mutual fund trust'' as defined in the
Tax Act at all relevant times. If a royalty trust were not to
qualify as a mutual fund trust at any particular time, the Canadian
federal income tax considerations described below would, in some
respects, be materially different.
Any distribution of the income of a royalty trust (excluding any
net realized taxable capital gain that the royalty trust has
validly designated as a taxable capital gain), that is paid,
credited or deemed paid or credited will be subject to Canadian
non-resident withholding tax of 15% in accordance with the Canada
United States Income Tax Convention (the ''Treaty'') whether the
distribution is made in cash or additional Units. A royalty trust
may designate under the Income Tax Act (Canada) (the ''Canadian Tax
Act'') the portion of taxable income distributed to non-resident
unitholders as net realized taxable capital gains of the royalty
trust. This capital gain portion of a distribution to a
non-resident unitholder such as us will not be subject to tax under
the Canadian Tax Act (but see the discussion of the Tax Proposals
below).
Draft legislation released by the Canadian Minister of Finance
on December 6, 2004 will generally treat distributions to a
non-resident unitholder by a royalty trust out of net gains a
royalty trust realizes on dispositions of ''taxable Canadian
property'' (as defined in the Canadian Tax Act), which includes
real property situated in Canada, as taxable distributions of
Canadian source trust income. Accordingly, such distributions will
be subject to Canadian non-resident withholding tax at 15% under
the Treaty. Also under these tax proposals, distributions made by
certain types of royalty trusts to us that would otherwise not be
subject to tax (generally distributions in excess of the income and
capital gains of the royalty trust, commonly referred to as
''returns of capital'') will be subject to a special tax at the
rate of 15%. The types of royalty trusts subject to this special
tax are those in respect of which the Units are listed on certain
prescribed stock exchanges, which includes the Toronto Stock
Exchange, and more than 50% of the fair market value of the Units
is attributable to real property situated in Canada, Canadian
resource properties or timber resource properties, as defined in
the Canadian Tax Act. If applicable, this tax must be withheld from
such distributions by a royalty trust. Some or all of this special
tax may be refunded to us if we realize a capital loss on the
disposition of Units or of other ''Canadian property mutual fund
investments'', as defined in these Tax Proposals.
The amount distributed to us in a taxation year by a royalty
trust may exceed the income of the royalty trust for tax purposes
for that year giving rise to ''returns of capital'' as described
above. Subject to the above discussion of the Tax Proposals, such
distributions in excess of the royalty trust's income in a year to
us will not be subject to Canadian non-resident withholding tax but
will reduce the adjusted cost base of the Units we hold. If, as a
result, our adjusted cost base of the Units in any taxation year
would otherwise be a negative amount, we will be deemed to realize
a capital gain in such amount for that year, and our adjusted cost
base of the Units will be zero immediately thereafter. The
treatment of any such capital gain deemed to be realized by us is
described below. The non-taxable portion of net realized capital
gains of a royalty trust that is paid or payable to us and the
amount of any distribution subject to the proposed special tax on
returns of capital described above will not reduce the adjusted
cost base of the Units we hold.
We generally will not be subject to tax under the Canadian Tax
Act in respect of a capital gain, or entitled to deduct any capital
loss, realized upon the disposition or deemed disposition of Units
of a royalty trust (whether on redemption, by virtue of our
adjusted cost base becoming negative or otherwise) unless the Units
represent ''taxable Canadian property'' to us for the purposes of
the Canadian Tax Act and we are not entitled to relief under the
Treaty. Units of a royalty trust held by us generally will not be
considered to be ''taxable Canadian property'' unless (i) at any
time during the 60-month period immediately preceding the
disposition by us, not less than 25% of the issued Units were owned
by us and/or persons with whom we do not deal at arm's length; (ii)
at the time of disposition, the royalty trust is not a ''mutual
fund trust'' for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act; or (iii) the
Units are otherwise deemed to be ''taxable Canadian property''.
Where the Units we hold are ''taxable Canadian property'', a
capital gain from their disposition or deemed disposition generally
will be exempted by the Treaty from tax under the Canadian Tax Act
provided the Units do not derive their value principally from real
property situated in Canada.
Currently, a royalty trust that is a mutual fund trust will not
be considered to be a mutual fund trust if it is established or
maintained primarily for the benefit of non-residents of Canada
(the ''maintained or established test''), unless all or
substantially all of its property is property other than ''taxable
Canadian property'' as defined in the Canadian Tax Act. Draft
legislation released by the Minister of Finance (Canada) on
September 16, 2004 relating to certain measures contained in the
March 23, 2004 Canadian federal budget included certain Tax
Proposals which would have amended the operation of the
''maintained or established test.'' In addition, these Tax
Proposals contained a proposal which would have ensured that,
together with other forms of ''taxable Canadian property'',
Canadian resource property and timber resource property would also
be included in restricting the availability of relief under the
''maintained or established test''. On December 6, 2004, the
Department of Finance issued a Notice of Ways and Means Motion and
draft legislation which did not include either of the proposed
changes just described. In announcing the proposals, the Department
of Finance indicated that they will review with the private sector
concerning the appropriate Canadian tax treatment of non-residents
investing in resource property through mutual funds. Accordingly,
further changes in this area are possible, some of which might be
material. However, we have no way of predicting what changes, if
any, would be made, and any consequence thereof.
We intend to invest in Canadian Royalty Trusts that are expected
to derive income and gains from the exploration, development,
mining or production, processing, refining, transportation
(including pipeline transporting gas, oil, or products thereof), or
the marketing of any mineral or natural resources. Canadian Royalty
Trusts are generally treated as either corporations or partnerships
for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If the Canadian Royalty
Trusts in which we invest are treated as corporations for U.S.
federal income tax purposes, our income and gain generated from
such investments will generally be qualifying income, and a unit of
such a trust will generally be a qualifying asset, for purposes of
our qualification as a RIC. Moreover, if the Canadian Royalty Trust
is a PFIC (as defined above), we will be subject to additional
rules described above relating to tax consequences of an investment
in a PFIC.
If the Canadian royalty trusts in which we invest are treated as
partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the effect on
our qualification as a RIC will depend on whether the Canadian
royalty trust is a qualified publicly traded partnership (as
described above) or not. If the Canadian royalty trust is a
qualified publicly traded partnership, our investment therein would
generally be subject to the rules described above relating to
investments in MLPs. If the Canadian royalty trust, however, is not
treated as a qualified publicly traded partnership, then the effect
on our qualification as a RIC of an investment in such Canadian
royalty trust will depend upon the amount and type of income and
assets of the Canadian royalty trust allocable to us. We intend to
monitor our investments in Canadian royalty trusts to maintain our
continued qualification as a RIC.
Investing in our common stock involves certain tax risks, which
are more fully described in our prospectus and other SEC
filings.
Use of Tax Matters Section As
required by U.S. Treasury Regulations governing tax practice, you
are hereby advised that any written tax advice contained herein was
not written or intended to be used (and cannot be used) by any
taxpayer for the purpose of avoiding penalties that may be imposed
under the Internal Revenue Code. The advice was prepared to support
the promotion or marketing of the transactions or matters addressed
by the written advice. Any person reviewing this discussion should
seek advice based on such person's particular circumstances from an
independent professional tax advisor.
Any person reviewing this
discussion should seek advice based on such person's particular
circumstances from an independent tax advisor.